A refuse truck backs up to dump trash at the Nashua landfill earlier this month. Non-recycled waste, as well as waste generated in the state and waste from neighboring New England states such as Massachusetts, are disposed of in nine enormous landfills spread across the state. These modern-day landfills are engineered with safety in mind. They are lined with low-permeable materials to keep waste from contacting groundwater or soil. GEOFF FORESTER—Monitor staff
A front loader scoops up recycled items at the Nashua landfill earlier this month. Millions of tons of trash end up in New Hampshire's landfills despite the increase in recycling initiatives in recent years. GEOFF FORESTER/ Monitor staff
A trash truck backs up to dump trash at the Nashua landfill earlier this month. Non-recycled waste, as well as waste generated in the state and waste from neighboring New England states, are disposed of in nine enormous landfills spread across the state. GEOFF FORESTER/ Monitor staff
The blue truck with Massachusetts license plates backed up to the trash heap and unceremoniously belched out its contents.
Next to its rear tires at the Nashua landfill was a pile of mattresses – items that are illegal to throw out in the Bay State. No one was there to inspect what the truck had dumped. The pile of trash it left behind was covered with dirt and pushed down an embankment by a massive front-end loader.
It’s a process that happens hundreds of times a day, as a steady line of trucks packed with trash drive between the slopes of buried mountains of debris at the Four Hills Landfill. Millions of tons of trash end up in New Hampshire’s landfills each year, including municipal solid waste, construction and demolition debris, and ash. The waste stream includes countless items that consumers assume are being recycled and thousands of truckloads from other New England states.
It’s common to believe that all of the items in bright blue single-stream bins emblazoned with three chasing arrows is recycled. That, however, is not the case. Mixed materials like plastic-coated paper cartons and greasy pizza boxes can contaminate other clean recyclables, sending the whole lot into landfills. Moreover, as the market for unsorted recycling has collapsed, the companies that collect single-stream bins can send the contents directly to the dump if that’s the cheapest option, which is what Pinard Waste did for a time in Bow.
There’s little way to know if the recyclable bottles, cans and paper from your house are actually ending up in a landfill instead.
Different types of waste are disposed of in nine enormous landfills spread across the state. Most of these modern-day landfills are engineered with environmental safety in mind and are lined with low-permeable materials to keep contaminants from leaching into the groundwater or soil.
Until the mid-1970s, nearly every municipality in the state had its own dump – a hole in the ground with no protective lining where waste was thrown and left exposed to scavengers, rain, and heat. They harmed the environment and public health by spewing methane and leachate, a toxic soup that seeped into groundwater. When the state passed the Solid Waste Management Act in 1981, most open dumps were required to clean up and close.
While this was an important step forward in solid waste regulation, New Hampshire remains an importer of waste with little state oversight of companies that profit from dumping here.
A report from the state’s environment department published in November shows that more than 45% of the trash comes from out-of-state sources. In 2020, more than 900,000 tons of solid waste were dumped in three commercial landfills.
The NHDES Solid Waste Management Bureau regulates solid waste in the state through a permit system. Landfills must obtain a permit to ensure that their operations are safe for public health and the environment.
The permit allows the state to oversee and regulate landfills, incinerators, recycling and composting plants. But limited resources make it difficult to carry out regulatory actions. The DES Waste Division lacks funding, leaving waste management initiatives frequently pinched for cash.
Another concern with the state’s waste management department is a lack of oversight. If prohibited materials are put in landfills, the state is unaware unless notified. The state hands over the responsibility of inspecting and rejecting banned materials to landfill operators, much like an honor-based system.
Emily Jones, compliance assurance section supervisor for the state’s solid waste management said each facility is authorized to accept certain types of waste and they are responsible for adhering to their permits.
“We wouldn’t know of something being delivered unless we’re contacted by the facility or we receive a complaint or when we are doing an inspection,” said Jones.
After nearly two decades the state updated its solid waste management plan with goals to reduce in-state waste generation and trash toxicity. The plan lists strategies to maximize diversion strategies like recycling and composting to ensure the state has sufficient capacity for its own trash. However, it fails to address the escalating problem of out-of-state trash.
While updating the state’s antiquated waste management plan is a step in the right direction, environmental advocacy groups argue the plan itself does not commit to taking actual action to address the problem.
“It’s really hard to get excited about something when it’s very open-ended,” said Peter Blair, state policy director with Just Zero, a nonprofit working towards reducing and recycling waste. “It could easily become just a policy document that sits on a shelf and isn’t actually used to guide agency action over the long term.”
The Conservation Law Foundation, an environmental advocacy group, submitted comments on the plan, urging New Hampshire to develop a strategy to decrease out-of-state disposal. Heidi Trimarco, staff attorney with the foundation described the document as a “wish list” rather than an actual plan.
“There’s some good language in there, recognizing the concerns, but that’s kind of all the plan does,” said Trimarco. “It’s not good enough.”
As New Hampshire tries to achieve its goal of waste reduction through its new plan, other New England states have already taken firm steps to address waste disposal. In November, Massachusetts prohibited the dumping of mattresses and textiles in landfills. The state instead requires they be recycled. In April, Maine passed legislation prohibiting the disposal of out-of-state waste in the state’s landfill. Vermont has established aggressive standards for what can and cannot be disposed of in its landfills, for both in-state and out-of-state trash.
A ban on out-of-state trash may seem like an easy solution to New Hampshire’s waste problem, but it would violate the Interstate Commerce Clause, according to environmental experts. Having severe limits on the types of material that can be dumped in the state’s landfills, as Vermont did, can help to solve the problem.
Waste Type: Construction and demolition debris
Waste Type: Municipal solid waste, construction and demolition debris
Waste Type: Municipal solid waste, construction and demolition debris
Waste Type: Fly Ash, Slag
Waste Type: Municipal solid waste, construction and demolition debris, ash
Waste Type: Municipal solid waste, construction and demolition debris, ash
Waste Type: Municipal solid waste, construction and demolition debris, ash
Waste Type: Municipal solid waste, construction and demolition debris, ash
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